Kuttenberg/Kutná Hora
Kuttenberg/Kutná Hora
Etymology
The name ‘Kutná Hora’ means ‘mountain where [ore] is dug’ (Czech: kopat = to dig). According to legend, a monk is said to have discovered silver whilst working on the lands of the Cistercian Abbey of Sedletz/Sedlec and to have marked the spot with his cowl, from which the name ‘Kuttenberg’ was derived.
Location
Kuttenberg is situated at 49° 57' north latitude, 15° 16' east longitude, 254 metres above sea level, approximately seven kilometres south of the Elbe (Czech: Labe) near Kolin/Kolín and approximately 70 km east of Prague/Praha. The town covers an area of 3,305 hectares.
Topography
Kuttenberg is situated not far from Malin/Malín on the high banks of the middle Vrchlice and is characterised by its location on the hill of the same name (which rises gently from the east and slopes steeply down towards the west).
Political and administrative affiliation
Czech Republic. Kuttenberg now forms part of the Central Bohemian Region, one of the 14 self-governing regions (Czech: Samosprávné kraje) of the state that have existed since 2000.
The town of Kutná Hora comprises the following 12 districts: Hlouška (Hlisow, also Glusau), Kaňk (Gang), Karlov (Karlshof), Kutná Hora-Vnitřní Město (Kutná Hora town centre), Malín (Malin), Neškaredice (Neschkareditz, also known as Kotigendorf), Perštejnec (Oersteinitz, Birkenstein), Poličany (Politschan, Polischan), Sedlec (Sedletz, Sellis), Šipší (Sipetz), Vrchlice (Wrchlitz) and Žižkov (Cirkwitz, Zirkwitz).[1]
Common symbolism
The town’s coat of arms features a crowned black eagle (on the heraldic right) and a white lion (on the left) on a vertically divided gold and red shield; they stand on crossed golden mining tools and together hold a golden chalice surmounted by a hoop crown.
Prehistory and Early History
Near Kuttenberg, a 40 cm long dinosaur bone was discovered in a limestone quarry at the start of the 21st century; it is considered to be the first find of its kind in the Czech Republic.[2] The area around Kuttenberg was already inhabited and used for agriculture as early as the Neolithic period, as archaeological finds show. Silver was probably already being mined and processed in the region as early as the 4th century. On the Haber Landweg near Malin, a fortified castle belonging to the Slawnikids (Czech: Slavníkovcí) was built by the 10th century at the latest.
Middle Ages
Around 1260, silver veins were discovered on the grounds of the Cistercian monastery at Sedletz, founded in 1142, which was the first monastery of the Grey Monks in Bohemia. The first mining pits were established on the monastery’s own lands in the Vrchlice valley, in the area that would later become the town centre, and in the area of what is now the Gang district. This was accompanied by the settlement of miners from 1260 onwards.
In 1276, a resident of the mining farmers’ settlement was mentioned for the first time, and the Latin name ‘Cuthna antiqua’ (meaning ‘Old Kutten’) is attested for 1278. From around 1290 onwards, there was a significant influx of miners and craftsmen. Within the mining settlement—known as ‘Mons’—which was developing into a suburb, the Iglau mining law was initially applied; this was subsequently superseded under King Wenceslas II (Václav, 1271–1305) by the ‘Ius regale montanorum’ of 1300/1305, that is, the codification of mining law for Bohemia and Moravia. A standardised coin was introduced, and coinage was concentrated in Kuttenberg; thus, the so-called ‘Prague groschen’ was minted here until the late 1540s.
The two original settlement areas, Gang and Mons, began to develop into a town from around 1300. Kuttenberg has held the right to bear a seal since 1307; from 1310, the town was designated as a ‘Civitas’; and in 1318, it was first mentioned as a royal town. Kuttenberg prospered as a centre of silver mining; its outlying areas comprised the suburban settlements of Cech (known as Holcmark until 1462), Hloušky, Kolmark, Pách and Gang (which became independent from the 16th century onwards).
With an area of 71 hectares, Kuttenberg was the second-largest town in Bohemia and Moravia after the provincial capital, Prague; in the 14th and 15th centuries, it temporarily held the status of a second provincial capital and served as a royal residence. Construction of the so-called Wallachian or Italian Court (Czech: Vlašský dvůr), the central mint (‘Preghaus’), began around 1300. In 1409, the Kuttenberg Decree was passed there, granting the Bohemian nation a majority in votes at Prague University. However, Kuttenberg’s role as a centre of power declined under the Habsburgs (from 1526).
During the Hussite Wars (1419–1436), the Catholic town remained anti-Hussite until May 1421, but was then forced to surrender to the Hussite troops from Prague; in 1422, Sedletz was pillaged and razed by the Hussites, followed by Kuttenberg in 1424. The town recovered after 1470. In 1471, the election of the Polish prince Ladislaus Jagiello (Polish: Władysław II Jagiellończyk, Czech: Vladislav Jagellonský) (1456–1516) as King of Bohemia took place in Kuttenberg. Furthermore, the Kuttenberg Religious Peace between the Utraquists and the Catholics in Bohemia was concluded here in 1485, enshrining the right to free conversion.
Modern times
Silver mining and coin minting shaped the development of Kuttenberg right up until the 18th century, but as early as the 16th century, mining operations had been hampered by the depletion of the deposits and problems with groundwater. Following the Battle of White Mountain near Prague in 1620, and in particular after the deployment of units under the command of the imperial Spanish colonel and member of the War Council, Don Martin de Hoeff-Huerta, Baron von Welhartitz/Velhartice (d. 1637) during the Thirty Years’ War, Jesuits began settling in the town from 1627 onwards tore-Catholicise the largelyHussite-Utraquist population. During this period, the town’s representatives endeavoured to preserve religious freedom for the Lutheran inhabitants. Raids by Swedish troops in 1639 and 1643 caused extensive damage.
Mining, which had already been restricted, was eventually ceased altogether. Attempts in the second half of the 17th century to revive mining activity by developing new deposits proved unsuccessful. In 1727, the mint was closed. During the Seven Years’ War (1756–1763), Kuttenberg was stripped of its right to mint coins following the Battle of Tabor Hill near Prague in 1757.
From 1749 onwards, officers and garrisons were stationed in Kuttenberg. Major town fires occurred in 1770 and 1823 (in the eastern part of the town), which led to changes in the townscape. From 1870, Kuttenberg was connected – relatively late – to the railway network (Vienna–Prague), following which a modest period of industrialisation ensued: the Breuers cardboard factory (founded in 1774), a cement works and a leather factory, a gasworks, a brewery and, in the Sedlec district, the State Tobacco Factory (founded in 1882 in the buildings of the secularised Cistercian monastery); the cotton industry also established itself there. The mining of lead and tin ores, which had begun during the Second World War, ceased in 1991.
Contemporary History
The Jesuit college in Kuttenberg, founded in 1626, was also used as military accommodation from 1773 onwards; it also served temporarily as a cadet school. A garrison of the Austro-Hungarian Army was established in the town, which remained in place until the First World War. During the interwar period, Kuttenberg did not experience significant economic growth due to its remote location. However, the town developed into a popular resort for the Czech middle classes. It was prized as a destination for day trips because of its numerous notable buildings. Even today, the town is characterised by its rich heritage of architectural monuments and a wide range of cultural activities.
Following the establishment of the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia, Kuttenberg was occupied by German troops in 1939. The Jews of Kuttenberg were deported to the Theresienstadt ghetto in 1942. In April 1944, the National Political Education Institute (NPEA) of Bohemia was established in the historic buildings of the Jesuit College and the barracks.
Population
In the Middle Ages, the city’s ruling class consisted predominantly of German inhabitants. Following the defeat at the hands of the Hussites, a social realignment took place, and in 1433 Czech became the official language of administration. A German minority can again be identified in the second half of the 16th century. In this regard, the literature refers to a ‘German-speaking enclave’.[3] The mining expert Christoph von Gendorf (1497–1563), who was the chief mining captain of Bohemia, played a role in this. He was also active in Kuttenberg, where he was commissioned to reform the Kuttenberg silver mine and reorganise the minting system.
There was a Jewish ghetto in Kuttenberg until it was plundered in 1421, on the site of what later became the Ursuline convent. It was not until the end of the 19th century, following the lifting of restrictions in 1848, that a new Jewish community was established in the town. Jewish families came from the nearby village of Malin (now a district of Kuttenberg), where Jews had already been living in the first half of the 19th century. The first Jewish community was officially founded in 1893. It comprised around 170 members, but then grew steadily as Jewish residents moved in from the surrounding countryside. In the nearby village of Maleschau/Malešov, there had been a Jewish cemetery since the 18th century, which was also used by the Kuttenberg community.
Around 1800, some 6,000 people lived in Kuttenberg,[4] making it one of the largest towns in the country. From 1830 to 1869, industrialisation led to a relatively rapid increase in the population. According to statistical data from 1910, a small German-speaking minority of around 200 people lived in the historic judicial district of Kuttenberg. The town’s population rose steadily until 1921, but then declined until 1939/40. In 1920–21, more than 300 people belonged to the Jewish community of Kuttenberg, of whom approximately two-thirds lived in the town itself, whilst the rest lived in the surrounding area. In early summer 1942, the Jewish families from Kuttenberg and the surrounding area were deported by the Nazis and, for the most part, murdered.
From 1950 onwards, an increase in Kuttenberg’s population can be observed, continuing into the 1990s. By the end of 2019, however, the town’s population growth had, on the whole, begun to decline slightly once again.
Population figures
1830: 9,482[5]
1869: 16,565[6]
1921: 19,112
1939/1940: 14,401[7]
1950: 15,893
1991: 21,561
2014: 20,349[8]
2019: 20,580[9]
History of Architecture and Art
The city’s economic importance in the Middle Ages and the early modern period is reflected in the multitude of buildings of artistic and cultural-historical significance. Among the (late) Gothic monuments, the Welsche or Italian Court (Vlašský dvůr), St Barbara’s Church and the stone town fountain (Kamenná kašna) stand out. Palacký Square (Palackého náměstí) forms a cohesive ensemble, lined with historic Renaissance and Baroque houses, including the Old Town Hall. The Sankturin House (Sankturinovský dům), which dominates Palacký Square, is built on the site of a 13th-century ‘tower house’, which underwent its first major alterations in the 15th century. Between 1787 and 1793, it was transformed into a Baroque palace. On Šultys Square (Šultysovo náměstí) stands a large Baroque Marian/plague column (Morový sloup) by Frantisěk Baugut (1668–1726), dating from 1713/1715, which commemorates the plague epidemic of 1713.
Construction of the town fortifications began between 1308 and 1310. The four town gates forming part of the fortifications were demolished in the 19th century. Kuttenberg Castle – originally a wooden fortress – was first mentioned in 1312. Following its acquisition by the mining entrepreneur and representative of King Wenceslas II, Jan Smisek Vrochovist, it was converted into a High Gothic fortification in 1490.
Among the secular buildings, the stately residence, the Welsche Hof (Vlašský Dvůr), is particularly noteworthy. It is a two-storey, four-winged building with an elongated inner courtyard. Construction began in the second half of the 13th century and was overseen by the Prague Master Builders’ Guild in the 14th century. In particular, Wenceslas II, Wenceslas IV (1361–1419), Sigismund (1368–1437) and Władysław II used it as a royal residence; provincial assemblies and state negotiations took place here. It was converted by King Wenceslas IV into a stately royal palace with a chapel and treasury, and was extended around 1390/1400 to include the east wing with the Wenceslas and Ladislaus chapels as well as a tower, and in 1496/1499 to include the Mint Master’s House. In 1898, the entire complex was rebuilt in the Neo-Gothic style and adorned with murals; the chapel was given an Art Nouveau design in 1904.
The Stone House (Kamenný dům) on what is now Wenceslas Square (Václavské náměstí; formerly 1 May Square [Náměstí 1. Máje]) is an important example of late Gothic secular architecture in Bohemia. It was built in 1489 by the master builder Briccius Gauske (documented from 1476 to 1495) from Görlitz and has housed the Bohemian Silver Museum (České muzeum stříbra) since 1901/1902. The elaborately decorated, dodecagonal town fountain from 1493/1495 on Rejsek Square (Rejskovo náměstí), featuring late Gothic motifs, formed part of the medieval water supply system for the inhabitants of Kuttenberg. As one of the few surviving late medieval fountain houses in Eastern Central Europe, it is of cultural and historical significance.
Within the town, the Gothic St James’s Church (Kostel sv. Jakuba, also known as the ‘Mountain Church’) was built as a three-nave hall church (c. 1330 to 1420) to serve as the town’s main church in the Middle Ages. Next to it, the Archdeaconry was built in 1594/1595, which served as a grammar school until 1676. The Gothic Church of the Holy Trinity (Kostel Nejsvětější Trojice), a hall church dating from 1410–1420, is situated outside the Old Town; it was remodelled in the late Gothic style around 1500. Following secularisation in the second half of the 16th century, the building served temporarily as the town’s powder magazine. St Bartholomew’s Church no longer exists; the town hospital was built on the site in 1839. In the eastern part of the town – originally built outside the town walls as a cemetery church – stands the Gothic Church of Our Lady on the Ore Heap (Kostel Matky Boží na Náměti), dating from the first quarter of the 14th century. Following a fire in 1470, it was rebuilt in the late Gothic style. The pulpit is thought to be the work of the master builder Wendel Roskopf (c. 1485/90–1549). The church houses the tomb of the Baroque painter Peter Johann Brandel (1668–1735).
The late-Gothic church (cathedral) of St Barbara (Chrám sv. Barbory), the patron saint of miners, was planned around 1384 on behalf of the mining entrepreneurs as a five-nave structure with a transept and ambulatory, featuring a ring of chapels and net vaults. The first phase of construction began in 1403 under the supervision of the Parler family’s master builders’ guild; it was interrupted due to the Hussite Wars. The second phase of construction lasted from 1481 until the mid-16th century, during which the church was converted into a hall from 1540 to 1547 and, under the supervision of master builder Benedikt Ried (c. 1454–1534). Wall paintings from around 1485, influenced by Dutch art (including depictions of coin minting and mining), have been preserved, as has a Gothic Madonna dating from around 1380/1390.
The Church of St John of Nepomuk was built in the late Baroque and Rococo styles between 1734 and 1753 to plans by the master builder Franz Maximilian Kaňka (1674–1766). The former Jesuit college, situated in the immediate vicinity of St Barbara’s, dates from the period 1626 to 1667 and was built by Giovanni Domenico Orsi de Orsini (1634–1679) and his successor Carlo Lurago (1615–1684), and was completed in 1750, incorporating, amongst other things, a two-storey theatre. The balustrade shown here, with its 12 life-size statues of saints dating from 1703/1716/17 from the workshop of Frantisěk Baugut, which was erected on the terraced platform, forms a striking façade. This building, which resembles an early Baroque Italian palace, was used by the Jesuits until 1773. After serving various purposes, primarily military, the building now houses the Central Bohemian Gallery (GASK). The former Ursuline convent, with the Church of the Sacred Heart, is also a Baroque complex, built between 1733 and 1743 to designs by Kilian Ignaz Dientzenhofer (1689–1751).
In the Sedlec district stands the former Cistercian monastery of Sedletz, founded in 1142, which includes the five-nave Basilica of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary (Sedlec Monastery with the Cathedral of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary and St John the Baptist). The Gothic Church of St Mary was severely damaged in 1421 and rebuilt between 1699 and 1707 in the Baroque-Gothic style according to the plans of Paul Ignaz Bayer (1656–1733) and Johannes (Giovanni) Blasius and Jan Blažej Santini-Aichel (1677–1723) respectively.
In the 14th century, an external monastic cemetery chapel of the ‘Karner’ type, with a vaulted ossuary in the basement, was erected some distance from the main building: the All Saints’ Chapel (Hřbitovní kostel Všech svatých) with a redesigned ossuary (Sedlec Ossuary). The approximately 40,000 bones from this ossuary were used in 1870, on commission from the Prince of Schwarzenberg-Orlik, by the woodcarver and joiner František Rint (documented in the 19th century, active around 1870) for a neo-Baroque redesign of the basement, the design of which may have been inspired by the Baroque architect and painter J. B. Santini-Aichel. This elaborate and unusual design inspired the surrealist Jan Švankmajer to make the short film ‘Kostnice’ (English: ‘The Ossuary’) about the ossuary in 1970. It also served as the model for a building in the game “Dungeons and Dragons” (DnD 1974).
The synagogue, built in 1902 near the Jesuit College, was designed in the Art Nouveau style by the architect Bohuslav Moravec (1860–1921). The building was acquired by the Hussite Church after the Second World War.
Kutná Hora is the birthplace of the painter, lithographer and illustrator Felix Jenewein (1857–1905), to whom a museum (the Felix Jenewein Gallery in Kutná Hora) is dedicated.
Special cultural institutions
The former castle now houses the Bohemian Silver Museum, which offers access to the historic mine (Hrádek – České muzeum stříbra a středověký důl). The Stone House (Kamenný dům) is home to the Town Museum. Among the town’s cultural institutions, the Tyl Municipal Theatre (Městské Tylovo divadlo), built between 1931 and 1933 in the Art Deco style, is particularly noteworthy.
Bibliography
In 1489, the so-called ‘Kuttenberg Bible’ (Bible Kutno-horská) by Martin von Tischnowitz/Tišnov was printed in Kuttenberg; following the Prague Bible of 1488, this was the second-oldest edition of the Bible in the Czech language. The humanist poet and historian Martin Kuthen von Springsberg (c. 1510–1564), the chronicler Mikuláš Dačický z Heslova, the astrologer, alchemist, physician and poet Daniel Stolz (Stolcius) von Stolzenberg (1600 – after 1644) and the historian Jan Kořínek (1626–1680) all hailed from Kuttenberg. Notable figures from the 19th and 20th centuries include, in particular, the author of the Czech national anthem, Josef Kajetán Tyl (1808–1856), as well as the writer Jiří Ohrenstein (pseudonym J. Orten; 1919–1941) and the writer Gabriela Preissová (1829–1946) are particularly noteworthy. A contemporary figure is the multi-award-winning writer, translator and journalist, born in 1968, who addresses, amongst other things, the expulsion of Germans from Czechoslovakia after the Second World War, anti-Semitism, patriarchal structures and the role of women.
Culture of memory and remembrance
In the wake of the national movement, cultural associations such as the ‘Vocel’ Archaeological Society were founded in the late 19th century to restore the town’s architectural monuments (1877); the society was named after the archaeologist, art historian and poet Jan Erazim Vocel (1803–1871), who played an active role in the 19th-century Czech national movement.
In 1961, the historic town centre was granted the status of a municipal conservation area; in 1995, it was inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List, along with St Barbara’s Cathedral, the former Cistercian monastery of Sedletz and the All Saints’ Chapel with its ossuary. The town’s annual two-day medieval festival, ‘Royal Silvering’ (Královské Stříbření), commemorates the historical roots of this mining town.
In 2008, a memorial to the Shoah (Holocaust Memorial) was erected in front of the historic synagogue of the town’s Jewish community, which dates from 1902; it was created by the Czech painter and sculptor Aleš Veselý (1935–2015). There are also several Stolpersteine in the town commemorating the Jewish citizens who were deported and murdered. In front of the Hrádek buildings stands the war memorial by the sculptor Karel Dvořák (1893–1950).
Kuttenberg maintains eleven international town twinning partnerships, including one with Bingen am Rhein in Germany.
Bibliography
- Klaus-Dieter Alicke: From the History of Jewish Communities in the German-speaking World, Vol. 1–3. Gütersloh 2008 (updated and expanded online version 2016/2017 (as at 1 January 2017)): URL: www.jüdische-gemeinden.de/index.php/gemeinden/k-l/1083-kolin-boehmen [last accessed 18 July 2020].
- Blanka Altová, Helena Štroblová (eds.): Kutná Hora. Prague 2000.
- Franz Benesch, J. Zettl: ‘The Church at Sedletz in Bohemia (Based on reports by the Imperial and Royal Conservator Franz Benesch and the Imperial and Royal Engineer J. Zettl)’. In: Communications of the Imperial and Royal Central Commission from 1856, pp. 25–26.
- Kateřina Charvátová, Dobroslav Líbal: Sedlec. In: Daniela Housková (ed.): The Cistercian Order in the Czech Lands in the Middle Ages. A collection published to mark the 850th anniversary of the founding of the monastery in Plasy [The Cistercian Order in the Bohemian Lands in the Middle Ages. Festschrift marking the 850th anniversary of the foundation of the monastery in Plaß/Plasy]. Prague 1994, pp. 38–43.
- Alena Jaklová: The linguistic situation in the South Bohemian border region. [Study within the project ‘From Tradition to the Future. The linguistic and literary heritage of Eastern Bavaria and South Bohemia as a focus of university cooperation / Od tradice k budoucnosti. The Linguistic and Literary Heritage of Eastern Bavaria and South Bohemia as a Focus of University Cooperation’ of the Free State of Bavaria–Czech Republic Cross-Border Cooperation Programme at the University of Passau. ETZ 2014–2020], URL: www.od-tradice-k-budoucnosti.eu/de/jazkova-situace-pred-rokem-1946/1947 [last accessed on 12 July 2020].
- Jan Jelínek: Kutná Hora. Prague 1990.
- Jan Jelínek, Lukáš Provaz: History of the Kutná Hora Municipal National Committee from 1945 to 1990. Kutná Hora 2003.
- Christoph Kaufmann: A Short Trip to Kutná Hora (Kuttenberg). A Guide to Bohemia’s Treasure Trove. Berlin 2017.
- Norbert Kersken: Kuttenberg [and] Sedletz. In: Joachim Bahlcke, Winfried Eberhard, Miloslav Polívka (eds.): Handbook of Historical Sites in Bohemia and Moravia. Stuttgart 1998 (Kröners Taschenausgabe 329), pp. 307–313, 564–565.
- Jan Kořínek: Staré paměti kutnohorské [Old Memories of Kutná Hora]. [Kutná Hora] 1675 (scholarly edition 2000).
- Christine Kratzke: ‘Sedlec Abbey in the Context of the Sepulchral Culture of the Cistercian Order’. In: Lomičová, Sedlec 2009, pp. 185–213.
- Otto Lehovec: ‘The Hierarchy of Towns in Bohemia in 1830 and 1940. A Contribution to Urbanisation’. In: Zeitschrift für Ostforschung [later Zeitschrift für Ostmitteleuropa-Forschung. Journal of East European Studies], vol. 5, 1956, nos. 1–4, pp. 58–67.
- Radka Lomičová (ed.): Sedlec. History, Architecture and Artistic Creation at Sedlec Monastery in a Central European Context around the Years 1300 and 1700. International Symposium, Kutná Hora, 18–20 September 2008. Sedletz. History, Architecture and Artistic Creation at the Sedletz Monastery in the Central European Context around the Years 1300 and 1700. International symposium, Kuttenberg, 18–20 September 2008. Prague 2009 (Opera Facultatis theologiae catholicae Universitatis Carolinae Pragensis. Historia et historia atrium X).
- Johann Georg Megerle von Mühlfeld: Curiosities of the Royal Free Mining Town of Kuttenberg and the Ancient Silver Mine Located There. Vienna 1825.
- Albin Oberschall: ‘The Population of the Sudetenlands 1869–1940’. In: Reports of the State Statistical Office, Vol. XXII, 1941, Parts 1–4.
- René Petráš: ‘Židé a židovská náboženská obec v Kutné Hoře v letech 1899–1920’ [Jews and the Jewish Religious Community in Kutná Hora 1899–1920]. In: Michal Frankl, Ladislav Jouza: Jews in Kolín and the Surrounding Area. Kolín [Regional Museum] 2005, pp. 119–148.
- Jiří Podrazil, Vladislav Dudák: Kuttenberg. Prague 2002.
- Jaroslav Polák-Rokycana: Dějiny Židů v Kutné Hoře a okolí [History of the Jews in Kutná Hora and the Surrounding Area]. In: Hugo Gold (ed.): The Jews and Jewish Communities of Bohemia in the Past and Present. Brno–Prague 1934, 327–334; URL: www.hugogold.com/bohemia/kutnehore.pdf [last accessed 18 July 2020].
- Martina Schneibergová: First Czech dinosaur found in Kutná Hora. In: Radio Prague International. Czech Radio, 25 June 2007, URL: radio.cz/de/rubrik, archive.radio.cz/de/rubrik/tagesecho/erster-tschechischer-dinosaurus-stammt-aus-kutna-hora [last accessed 12 July 2020].
- Reinhard Suchomel: The German minority in Eastern Bohemia. The special case of Schatzlar (PhD thesis, University of Vienna 2017), URL:http://othes.univie.ac.at/49080/1/51680.pdf [last accessed 12 July 2020].
- Michael Svatoš: The Kutná Hora Decree and the Work of Master Jan Hus at the University of Prague. In: Blanka Mouralavá (ed.): The University of Prague under Charles IV. From its European Founding to National Division. Potsdam 2010 (Potsdam Library on Eastern Europe – History), pp. 45–70.
- Štěphán Vácha: ‘Antiquitatis illustre monimentum. The Sedletz Monastery Church and its Restoration from 1700–1719’. In: Umění/Art 56, 2008, pp. 384–408.
- Filip Velimský: The Founding, Structure and Development of the Medieval Mining Town of Kutná Hora/Kuttenberg from the Perspectives of Archaeology, Mining Archaeology and History. In: Yves Hoffmann, Uwe Richter (eds.): The Early History of Freiberg in a Supraregional Comparison. Early Urban History – Mining – Early House Construction. Halle/S., 2013, pp. 327–336.
- Vank Vojtch (ed.): Kutná Hora in the Baroque Period. Symposium ‘Kutná Hora in the Baroque Period’ 1993, Kutná Hora [Kuttenberg in the Baroque Era. Symposium ‘Kuttenberg in the Baroque Era’ 1993]. Prague 2005 (series ‘Antiqua Cuthna – Kutná Hora’, ed. State District Archive).
Web links
- www.kutnahora.cz (the town’s official website)
- de.czech-unesco.org/kuttenberg/touristikprogramme/ (Overview of the Czech Republic’s UNESCO heritage sites in eleven different languages, including Kuttenberg/Kutná Hora)
- destinace.kutnahora.cz/d/die-geschichte-der-stadt-1; (Helena Štroblová: The History of the Town [Kuttenberg])
- www.herder-institut.de/bildkatalog/wikidata/Q155975 (Images of Kuttenberg/Kutná Hora in the image archive of the Herder Institute, Marburg)
Notes
[1] For historical place names, see: Antonín Profous: Place Names in Bohemia. Their Origin, Etymology, Meaning and Changes [Place Names in Bohemia. Their Origin, Etymology, Meaning and Changes], vols. 1–5. Czech Academy of Sciences and Arts. Prague 1947–1960.
[2] Martina Schneibergová: First Czech dinosaur found in Kutná Hora. In: Radio Prague International. Czech Radio, 25 June 2007, URL: radio.cz/de/rubrik, archive.radio.cz/de/rubrik/tagesecho/erster-tschechischer-dinosaurus-stammt-aus-kutna-hora [last accessed 12 July 2020]; Further reading can be found in the relevant scientific literature.
[3] Reinhard Suchomel: The German Minority in Eastern Bohemia. The Special Case of Schatzlar (PhD thesis, University of Vienna 2017), URL: othes.univie.ac.at/49080/1/51680.pdf [last accessed on 12 July 2020], p. 41.
[4] Imperial and Royal Central Statistical Commission (ed.): Special Local Repertory of Bohemia. Compiled on the basis of the results of the census of 31 December 1910. Vienna 1915 (Special Local Repertories of the Austrian Provinces); cf.: Provincial Law and Government Gazette for the Crown Land of Bohemia (Third Section of the Supplementary Volume) 1849, No. 110: ‘Organisation of the Courts in the Crown Land of Bohemia’; s. v. ‘List of judicial districts in Bohemia’. In: Wikipedia, URL: de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liste_der_Gerichtsbezirke_in_B%C3%B6hmen. Figures that differ slightly can be found in: České místodržitelství [Bohemian Provincial Administration] (ed.): Seznam míst v království Českém. Compiled on the basis of official data pursuant to an order of the Bohemian Provincial Administration [List of Places in the Kingdom of Bohemia. Compiled on the basis of official data relating to the directives of the Bohemian Government]. Prague 1913, p. 731. Cf.: Czech Statistical Office (ed.): ‘Population by nationality’. In: Demographic Yearbook of the Czech Republic – 2013, URL: www.czso.cz/csu/czso/population-by-nationality [last accessed on 18 July 2020].
[5] Figure taken from Lehovec, Ranking of Towns 1956, p. 59.
[6] For further data up to 1991 (unless otherwise indicated), see Norbert Kersken: Kuttenberg [and] Sedletz. In: Joachim Bahlcke, Winfried Eberhard, Miloslav Polívka (eds.): Handbook of Historical Sites in Bohemia and Moravia. Stuttgart 1998 (Kröners Taschenausgabe 329), pp. 307–313, 564–565, here p. 313.
[7] Figure taken from Lehovec: Ranking of Towns 1956, pp. 59–60; to which were added a further 2,061 inhabitants from Sedlitz for 1939/1940, resulting in a reported population of 16,201 for this period.
[8] Český statistický úřad [Czech Statistical Office] (ed.): Population figures for Czech municipalities as at 1 January 2014: online resource. www.czso.cz/csu/2014edicniplan.nsf/engt/BC00298FFF/$File/1300721403.pdf (last accessed on 2 November 2014). See generally Czech Statistical Office: www.Czso.cz/csu/czso/home [last accessed on 18 July 2020].
[9] Český statistický úřad [Czech Statistical Office] (ed.): Počet Obyvatel v Obích / Population of Municipalities, as at 1 January 2019, Obyvatelstvo / Population, Prague, 30 April 2019, Publication Code: 130072-19, Ref. No.: CSU-01483/2019-61, p. 19 (Population of Municipalities, 1 January 2019: Kutná Hora) [last accessed on 18 July 2020].
Citation
Serafine Christine Kratzke: Kuttenberg/Kutná Hora. In: Online Encyclopaedia on the Culture and History of Germans in Eastern Europe, 2021. URL: ome-lexikon.uni-oldenburg.de/p32303 (as at 30 July 2021).
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