The Hultschin Region/Hlučínsko
The Hultschin Region/Hlučínsko
Other names
Owing to its long association with Prussia, the terms Prajzko, Prajzká and Prajsko are also used in Czech. In German, the indigenous population is referred to as ‘Mährer’ (Czech: Moravané) or ‘Morawzen’ (Czech: Moravci, referring to those Moravians who came under Prussian rule after 1742 but continued to identify with their Moravian roots). Owing to its location along the border river Oppa (Czech: Opava), the name Oppaland[1] is also occasionally used, although this term also encompasses the district of Troppau (Czech: Opava).
Etymological derivation
The name ‘Hultschiner Ländchen’, derived from the town of Hultschin/Hlučín, for the southern part of the Ratibor district (Polish: Racibórz) only became established with the Treaty of Versailles, concluded in 1919 (Article 83), which stipulated the cession of the region from Germany to Czechoslovakia.
Location and topography
The area is bounded to the south-west by the Oppa and to the north-east by the Oder (Czech: Odra). Along the Oder, there is a natural passageway to the so-called Moravian Gate in the direction of Moravian Ostrava/Ostrava. The north-western boundary runs along the former boundary between the districts of Ratibor and Leobschütz (Polish: Głubczyce). The Hultschin region covers an area of 316 square kilometres. The largest town is Hultschin, with a population of around 14,000.[2] The area resembles a rectangle, stretching approximately 25 km from west to east and around 12.5 km from north to south.
Political and administrative affiliation
Moravian-Silesian Region (Czech: Moravskoslezský kraj), Opava District (Czech: Okres Opava), and part of Ostrava District (Czech: Okres Ostrava). Subordinate administrative units (Czech: správní obvody): German-Krawarn (Czech: Kravaře, nine municipalities), Hultschin (13 municipalities) and Troppau/Opava (40 municipalities, five of which are in the Hultschin region). The Association of Municipalities of the Hultschin Region (Czech: Sdružení obcí Hlučínska) has existed since 2003; it comprises 27 municipalities and thus ties in with the historical administrative unit of the Hultschin District (Czech: Okres Hlučin), which existed, with interruptions, from 1920 to 1960.
The Middle Ages and the Modern Era
The area was first settled as early as the Neolithic period. From the 9th century onwards, Moravian Slavs began to settle in the region. As part of the German eastward expansion, German law also spread to what later became the Hultschin region and is documented for the following villages: Bolatitz/Bolatice 1265, Klebsch/Chlebičov 1265, Sandau/Píšť 1265, Darkowitz/Darkovičky 1265, Hoschütz/Hoštice 1288, Beneschau/Dolní Benešov) 1295, Hultschin 1303, Schepankowitz/Štěpánkovice 1303, German Krawarn/Kravaře 1420, Markersdorf/Markvartovice) 1377/1492.
In 1742, following the First Silesian War (1740–1742), the Hultschin region passed from Austrian to Prussian rule.
Contemporary History
Following the First World War, in Memorandum VIII (La Haute Silésie tchèque, région de Ratibor), the Czechoslovak government laid claim not only to the Hultschin region but also to the districts of Ratibor, Leobschütz, Cosel (Polish: Koźle) and Pleß (Polish: Pszczyna), but was unable to secure these. On 4 February 1920, the Czech military then took possession of the Hultschin Enclave. In March 1923, the villages of Haatsch/Hať and Sandau were also incorporated into Czechoslovakia, whilst the smaller village of Rakowietz/Rakowiec was returned to Germany. Owschütz/Owseszcze, which was also the subject of dispute, remained part of Germany and, like Rakowietz, became part of Poland after 1945.
With Thröm (Czech: Třebom) and Zauditz (Sudice) in the far north-west of the Hultschin Enclave, two municipalities with an almost exclusively German population became part of Czechoslovakia. The decision was taken not to extend the Hultschiner Ländchen to include the Moravian linguistic enclave west of Thröm, centred on Nassiedel/Nasiedle.
Various protests took place against the annexation of the area to Czechoslovakia, a move which was not supported by large sections of the local population. In an unofficial vote in 1919, 93.7 per cent of the inhabitants voted to remain part of Germany.[5]
In accordance with Articles 84 and 85 of the Treaty of Versailles, Hultschin residents aged 18 and over had two years in which to opt for Germany, but were then required to leave Czechoslovakia within 12 months. The deadline for exercising this option expired in January 1922. By then, 4,600 residents of Hultschin (13 per cent of the total population) had opted for Germany in this way. Those wishing to leave were supported in Ratibor by the Assistance Centre for Optants from the Hultschin Region, which provided accommodation and helped them find work.[6]
The first Czechoslovak census in February 1921, just a few weeks before the Upper Silesian plebiscite, was regarded as highly significant by both the German and Czech sides. Pro-German circles endeavoured to portray this as a vote for or against the Hultschin region remaining part of Czechoslovakia, or at least to secure recognition of the Hultschin population as a German minority. For the Czechoslovak authorities, on the other hand, this presented an opportunity to demonstrate that, with the exception of Thröm and Zauditz, there were practically no ethnic Germans in the Hultschin region, thereby justifying, for example, the imposition of Czech as the officialand school language – and, not least, the separation of the area from the German state – would be justified.[7] The results were not published until 1924: 16.38 per cent of those surveyed declared German nationality, around 80 per cent regarded themselves as Slavic Moravians, and only a very small percentage identified with the state-supporting Czechoslovak nationality. These were mainly people who had moved to the area after 1920.[8] Consequently, minority protection provisions did not apply, as a German population share of 20 per cent would have been required for this.
Just a few days after the Munich Agreement (29 September 1938), the Hultschin region was occupied by the Wehrmacht and, as early as 2 October 1938, incorporated into the German Reich as part of the so-called ‘Altreich’. Residents born before 1910 who had their permanent residence in the Hultschin region as at the cut-off date of 10 October 1938 were granted German citizenship, which later resulted in the men being conscripted into the Wehrmacht.[9] According to estimates, this affected around 11,500 people (21.7 per cent of the population).[10] In total, around 3,000 were killed in action and 5,000 wounded during the Second World War.[11]
After the war, the Czechoslovak authorities were keen to determine the number of SS members from the Hultschin region. However, no reliable figures are available. It is estimated that there were around 170 such individuals. Prisoners of war from the region were among the last to return home, not until 1956. Between 150 and 160 men from the region fought abroad on the side of the Czechoslovak armed forces (legions).[12]
Adolf Theuer (1920–1947) was the only person from Hultschin to be executed as a war criminal after 1945. Between 1945 and 1948, a total of 529 people from the Hultschin region stood trial. Most were charged with membership of a National Socialist organisation. The court generally handed down lenient sentences. Prison terms exceeding five years were the exception.[13]
After 1945, the region and its population were reintegrated into the Czechoslovak state. As the vast majority of the population of the Hultschin region was regarded by the authorities as Moravians rather than Germans, the inhabitants were, for the most part, granted Czechoslovak citizenship again without further conditions. There were only isolated instances of so-called ‘wild’ or ‘unregulated’ expulsions.[14] As Czechoslovakia had legitimised its claim to the Hultschin region after the First World War on the basis of its Slavic population, the expulsion of this population on the grounds that they were Germans could not be justified on political grounds. In August 1945, 30 per cent of the population were classified as Germans; by February 1946, this figure had fallen to just under five per cent.
Recent studies estimate that around 3,000 Germans were resettled from the Hultschin region. A large proportion came from the two almost exclusively German villages of Thröm and Zauditz. A significant number also came from Deutsch-Krawarn and Hultschin. The resettlement primarily affected three groups of people: long-established Germans, Germans from the German Reich, and German refugees from Upper Silesia. In total, around two per cent of the district’s inhabitants who had already been living there before 1938 were resettled.[15]
From the 1960s onwards, pensions were paid from the Federal Republic of Germany to the surviving dependants of members of the Wehrmacht; the recipients received these in the form of vouchers (Tuzex coupons). These could be used to make purchases in special foreign-currency shops.
Population trends[4]
| 1784 | 1825 | 1855 | 1861 | 1885 | 1895 | 1905 | 1910 | 1921 |
| 11,880 | 19,002 | 31,322 | 34,370 | 41,003 | 44,915 | 47,289 | 48,692 | 51,832 |
The present
Since the political changes of 1989/1990, many residents of the Hultschin region have taken up the opportunity to reclaim the German citizenship of their ancestors (through the male line) for themselves. The German Embassy in Prague organises consular consultation days in the region twice a year for those interested. According to its own information, the Embassy does not keep statistics on how many people in the Hultschin region have now acquired German citizenship. Unofficial estimates suggest that at least 50 per cent of the population of the Hultschin region have so far made use of this opportunity.[16] The official figures from the Czech Statistical Office (Czech: Český statistický úřad) , however, paint a completely different picture: In the administrative district (Czech: správní obvod) of Hultschin , a total of just 104 people (0.3 per cent) stated in the 2011 census that they held citizenship of another EU Member State in addition to Czech citizenship.[17]
History of Religion and the Church
Even during the Prussian and German periods, the region belonged to the Diocese of Olmütz/Olomouc. In the mid-1920s, the majority of the population in the Hultschin region were Roman Catholics (47,798 people). In contrast, there were only 584 Protestants and 63 Jews.[18] These figures are essentially confirmed by more recent publications covering the present day.[19]
Religion is now one of the most significant differences between the region and the rest of the Czech Republic. In the 2001 census, over 80 per cent of the population identified as ‘religious’, the overwhelming majority of whom were Roman Catholic. The Czech national average, by contrast, stood at around 30 per cent.[20] Ten years later, however, the proportion of believers had fallen to only around 50 per cent.[21] This can be attributed to the fact that answering this question was optional in 2011 and 42 per cent of Hultschin residents did not provide an answer.[22]
Military history
Whilst the economic importance of this predominantly agricultural region was of secondary importance, the area’s location on the border with the German Reich meant that, from the mid-1930s onwards, it took on outstanding significance in the construction of the Czechoslovak fortifications. These were only partially completed by 1938 and were then used sporadically by the Wehrmacht in 1945 as part of the Ostrava Operation. The Hultschin–Klein Darkowitz (Hlučín–Darkovičky) defences are not located directly on the border, but a few kilometres inland.
Traffic
As a result of the region’s historical affiliation with Prussia and, subsequently, the German Empire, the town of Hultschin, for example, still has no direct rail link to neighbouring Ostrava and has been accessible only via Troppau since 1912/13. The railway line from Ostrava to Troppau clearly traces the former border between Prussia and Austria-Hungary. The tracks run in the immediate vicinity to the south of the former national border. The Ratibor–Troppau branch line (1895) has terminated at Kuchelna/Chuchelná since 1945.
Language situation
The 1910 Municipal Encyclopaedia for the Opole Administrative District, based on the census of 1 December 1910, gives the following linguistic breakdown for the southern part of the Ratibor district – that is, what later became the Hultschin region: 35,911 = 80 per cent speaking another language (Czech), 6,418 = 14 per cent speaking German; 2,300 = five per cent speaking Polish, 596 = one per cent speaking German and another language.[23]
However, critics argued that such statistics conveyed an inaccurate picture of the actual linguistic situation, as the first language of the people of Hultschin was Moravian and German was subsequently taught through the education system. The Moravian dialect of the region was banned from schools after 1871 and, from 1893, was also prohibited in church services.[24] Owing to the area’s separation from the Moravian-Czech language region, the dialect of this region exhibits archaic features and has incorporated numerous (lexical) elements from German, (Upper) Silesian and Polish. Czech dialectology now classifies the dialect of the Hultschin region as a North Lach dialect.[25]
At the time of its incorporation into Czechoslovakia, a situation akin to diglossia prevailed, with Moravian-Lachian as the spoken language and German as the written and administrative language. Inscriptions in cemeteries were also almost exclusively in German.
Due to the distance between the regional Moravian dialect and Standard Czech, communication with speakers of (Standard) Czech (receptive bilingualism) was not entirely possible at the time of the region’s transition into the Czechoslovak state.
Today, the population speaks Czech in the Moravian-Silesian variant customary in the region.
Bibliography
Moravian literature from the region was often intended for liturgical use. Its most important figure was Cyprián Lelek (1812–1883), the chaplain of Hultschin and representative of the Ratibor district in the National Assembly in Frankfurt am Main, known for works such as his 1844 textbook on Silesia for use in schools (original title: *Slabikář a čítanka pro menší dítky*) from 1844. He is also credited with authorship of the book *The Czechs in Prussian Upper Silesia *. An important figure in Czech literature was the regional writer and folklorist Ludmila Hořká, née Marie Šindelářová (1892–1966).
The region’s best-known author is Max Ring, a Jew born in Zauditz in 1817 (who died in Berlin in 1901), who left behind an extensive body of work, including the two-volume novel *Berlin and Breslau*. 1847–1849 ( 1849) * * and the notes *Aus dem Tagebuche eines Berliner Arztes* (Berlin 1856).[26] August Scholtis (1901–1969), who hailed from Bolatitz, was also mainly active in Berlin and became known in 1933 for his novel *Ostwind *. A sign of his attachment to his home region is the collection *Thirty-three Songs from Hultschin* (1935).
Press history
From November 1922 to May/June 1933 , *Der treudeutsche Hultschiner* was published in Ratibor . It was a campaign journal of the patriotic people of Hultschin, fighting for justice, freedom and self-determination. The magazine’s stated aim was the return of the Hultschin region to the German Reich. Following the National Socialists ’ seizure of power, the paper immediately aligned itself with the policies of the new government in Berlin. The reasons for its discontinuation with the May/June 1933 issue cannot be clearly ascertained. Possible explanations include foreign policy considerations regarding Czechoslovakia or the intended concentration of so-called ‘ethnic work’ within the Bund Deutscher Osten (BDO).[27]
In the Hultschin region itself, the *Hultschiner Zeitung* (1899–1938) continued to be published by Richard Peschel as the official gazette of the Hultschin municipal authorities.
The *Katholische Zeitung* (*KatolickéNowiny*/*KatolickéNoviny*) was published from 1893 to 1911 in Fraktur script and subsequently in the Latin alphabet. It was supposedly the only newspaper in Germany published in Moravian, a fact noted in the subtitle of the early classes (Jediné w morawské řeči vycházející nowiny w Německu). In reality, however, the paper was published in standard Czech.
Architecture
The architectural landmarks of the Hultschin region include numerous castles, such as Hultschin Castle, dating from 1439, and Deutsch Krawarn Castle, which was built between 1721 and 1728 by Jan Rudolf, Baron von Eichendorff, on the foundations of the original fortress ( ). Schillersdorf Castle was built in the second half of the 16th century. In 1787, the Eichendorff family acquired the estate; in 1844, it passed to the Rothschild family, who owned the castle until 1945, when it was confiscated. In the centre of the castle grounds in Schillersdorf stands a hunting lodge.
Museum scene
The museum, which had been in existence in Hultschin since 1948, was closed in 1962 following the dissolution of the Hultschin district and was only re-established in 2005 as the Museum of the Hultschin Region (Muzeum Hlučínska) under the auspices of the town of Hlučín. Since 2014, a permanent cultural and historical exhibition on the Hlučín region has been on display in the premises of the former farm buildings of Hlučín Castle. The border fortifications, built in the 1930s, have been partially preserved in their original condition or have been restored since the 1980s: they have been part of the Silesian Regional Museum in Troppau (Slezké zemské museum) since 1992.
Research institutions, libraries and archives
The Museum of the Hlučín Region comprises a research centre and the Hlučín Municipal Library. Since 2011, the museum, in collaboration with the Society of Friends of the Hlučín Museum (Czech: Společnost přatel Muzea Hlučínska), has been publishing the Czech-language journal *The Hlučín Region*. *Hlučínsko. Local History Journal of the Museum of the Hlučín Region* ( Hlučínsko. Vlastivědný časopis Muzea Hlučínska).
Culture of Remembrance
In the Hultschin region, there are memorial sites in almost every municipality and along many country roads dedicated to the Soviet and Czech soldiers who fell during the Second World War, as well as monuments to the people of Hultschin who fell fighting on the German side during the First and Second World Wars.
Before the early 1990s, due to the dominant Czechoslovak narrative of remembrance in the Hultschin region, there were few opportunities for public commemoration of the many local people who fell whilst wearing German uniforms during the Second World War. These could only be established after 1989. However, some public memorial sites had already been established as early as the 1950s and 1960s.
The monuments and commemorative plaques are mostly dedicated to the ‘victims of the war’. In some cases, the names of civilian victims are also listed. Members of the SS, where known, are not named in the lists. The names are inscribed in Czech or German.[28] Furthermore, various sites commemorate German soldiers who fell in the Hultschiner Ländchen region. Some of these memorials have been the subject of protests, some of which have also been reported in the national Czech media. Christian symbolism predominates in their design, though Wehrmacht symbols have also been used in some cases. In total, there are now over 40 such public memorial sites in the Hultschin region.
The numerous Soviet monuments in the Hultschiner Ländchen region are well maintained; in some cases, the red Soviet star has been removed. The central Second World War memorial has been situated since 1980 near the village of Hrabin/Hrabyně, which borders directly on the Hultschin region, and has been part of the Silesian Regional Museum in Troppau since 1992. The adjoining symbolic cemetery honours 13,000 fallen Red Army soldiers as well as local residents.
4. Controversies
As a result of the Paris Peace Conference, areas with an exclusively or predominantly German or Hungarian population, particularly in the border regions, were incorporated into the newly formed Czechoslovakia. In this context, the Hultschin region occupies a special position due to its indigenous Slavic-Moravian population.
Particularly during the interwar period, German and Czech regional historiography and journalism took on a nationalist slant with regard to the ethnic composition of the region. In order to legitimise claims to the territory, the German side repeatedly emphasised the German character of the local population, whilst the Czech side consistently highlighted the Czech or Moravian character[29] and the fact that the territory had returned to the motherland after almost 200 years of Prussian-German foreign rule. This transition was justified on the basis of historical, ethnic, religious and, above all, linguistic arguments. Despite the commitment of many Hultschin residents to ‘Germanness’, they were consequently not regarded as a minority by Prague.
In surveys today, the region’s inhabitants almost exclusively identify as Czech nationals, even though they hold German citizenship as well as Czech.[30] In this sense, it is also inaccurate to speak of an (ethnic) German minority in the Hultschin region. Nor are any minority rights being demanded, such as bilingual place-name signs.
Bibliography
- Joachim Bahlcke, Winfried Eberhard, Miloslav Polívka (eds.): Handbook of Historical Sites. Volume: Bohemia and Moravia. Stuttgart 1998, pp. 210–212.
- Aleš Binar; Zdeněk Jirásek: Kravaře between 1945 and 2008. Kravaře 2009.
- Aleš Binar: The Hultschin Region during the Munich Agreement of 1938. In: Stefan Marek Grochalski, Michał Lis (eds.): The Munich Agreement as an example of the capitulation of international law in the face of aggression, Opole 2009, pp. 163–167.
- Metoděj Chrástecký (ed.): Hlučín. 750 let města [750 Years of Hultschin]. Hlučín 2006.
- František Emmert: Češi ve wehrmachtu: Zamlčované osudy [Czechs in the Wehrmacht: Concealed Fates], Prague 2005.
- The Hultschin Region. In: Hugo Weczerka (ed.): Handbook of Historical Sites. Volume: Silesia. Stuttgart 1977, pp. 198–200.
- Helena Kubátová (ed.) Intergenerational Changes in the Way of Life in the Hlučín Region [Intergenerational Changes in Lifestyles in the Hultschin Region]. Prague 2015.
- Nina Pavelčíková: The Hlučín Region Through the Ages. 1995. Proceedings of the conference marking the 75th anniversary of the Hlučín Region’s annexation to the Czechoslovak Republic, Hlučín [The Hultschin Region Through the Ages. Papers from the conference marking the 75th anniversary of the Hultschin Region’s annexation to the Czechoslovak Republic]. Hlučín 1995.
- Vilém Plaček: The Prussians, or On the Fate of the Hlučín Region 1742–1960 [The Prussians, or On the Fate of the Hlučín Region]. Háj ve Slezsku 2000.
- Vilém Plaček: Prajzáci II aneb Hlučínsko ve staronové vlasti 1920–1938 [The Prussians II, or the Hlučín Region under Old-New Rule 1920–1938]. Háj ve Slezsku 2007.
- Vilém Plaček: Prajzáci III, or On the Fate of the Hlučín Region during the Nazi Occupation [ III, or On the Fate of the Hlučín Region during the Nazi Occupation]. Opava 2016.
- Udo Wanderberg: History of the Town of Hlučín [The History of the Town of Hlučín] Hlučín 1991/1992 (3 volumes).
Web links
- http://landesversammlung.cz/de/gemeinschaft-schlesisch-deutscher-freunde-im-hultschiner-laendchen (Association of Silesian-German Friends in the Hultschin Region)
- http://landesecho.cz/index.php/home/1226-100-jahre-hultschiner-laendchen-ein-blick-zurueck (“100 Years of the Hultschin Region”, article in “Landesecho: Journal of the Germans in the Czech Republic”, 4 February 2020)
- https://deutsch.radio.cz/mal-deutsch-mal-tschechisch-das-hultschiner-laendchen-8107405 (“Sometimes German, sometimes Czech: the Hultschiner Ländchen”, feature by Radio Prague International, 22 February 2020)
Notes
[1] See, for example, Emil Schieche: ‘The Morawzen and their language’. In: Silesian Yearbook for German Cultural Work in the Whole of Silesia, Breslau 1935 (7th class), pp. 63–73.
[2] See the URL: vdb.czso.cz/vdbvo2/faces/cs/index.jsf?page=vystup-objekt&pvo=ZVCR036&pvokc=&katalog=30628&z=T#w (19 February 2019).
[3] Gerhard Schellin: The Hultschin Region. A Regional Study. Königsberg 1933, p. 73.
[4] According to Gerhard Schellin: *Das Hultschiner Ländchen*. Appendix. See note 3.
[5] ‘The Hultschin Region’. In: Schulungsbrief des Bundes Deutscher Osten 21/1936, pp. 2f. The Bund Deutscher Osten (BDO) was a Nazi organisation; the objectivity of the source is therefore questionable.
[6] Hermann Janosch: *Das Hultschiner Ländchen*. Ratibor 1930, pp. 68ff.
[7] There continued to be a German school in both of the aforementioned towns.
[8] Vilém Plaček: The Hultschin Region after its Annexation to the Czechoslovak Republic in the Early 1920s. In: Ostrava. Contributions to the History and Present of Ostrava and the Ostrava Region. Ostrava 2001, pp. 135–156, here pp. 144ff.
[9] A list, broken down by locality, of people from Hultschin who served in the Wehrmacht and the SS, including their fates where known, can be consulted on the website of the Hultschin Soldiers’ Association at the URL www.hultschiner-soldaten.de.
[10] Aleš Binar: Members of the Armed Forces from the Hlučín Region between 1939 and 1956. In: Helena Kubátová et al.: Mezigenerační proměny způsobu života na Hlučínsku [Intergenerational changes in lifestyles in the Hultschin region]. Prague: 2015, pp. 289–296, here p. 290.
[11] Marin Nedvěd: The Hlučín Region: People, Culture, Urbanism. In: Pavel Holubec (ed.): Perspectives on Territory II: Boundaries and Interfaces, pp. 17‒26, here p. 20.
[12] Aleš Binar: Members of the Armed Forces from the Hlučín Region between 1939 and 1956 [Members of the Armed Forces from the Hlučín Region between 1939 and 1956]. In: Helena Kubátová et al. (eds.): Intergenerational Changes in Lifestyles in the Hlučín Region. Prague 2015, pp. 289–296.
[13] Aleš Binar: Economic and Social Developments in the Hlučín Region between 1945 and 1989. Opava 2014, p. 74.
[14] Vojtěch Kessler: 4 February 1920 – ‘The Annexation of the Hlučín Region’ [‘The Annexation of the Hultschiner Ländchen’]. URL: www.dnyceskestatnosti.cz/novinky/kalendarium/4-unor-1920-pripojeni-hlucinska/ (11 March 2019).
[15] Aleš Binar: Economic and Social Developments in the Hultschin Region between 1945 and 1989. Opava 2014, pp . 222–230.
[16] Ivan Motýl: On Czechs with German passports. Is this also compensation for Stalingrad? In: Týden.cz, 31 January 2011. www.tyden.cz/rubriky/domaci/o-cesich-s-nemeckymi-pasy-je-to-i-odmena-za-stalingrad_192604.html (31 January 2019).
[17] See the URL: vdb.czso.cz/vdbvo2/faces/cs/index.jsf?page=vystup-objekt-parametry&z=T&f=TABULKA&sp=A&katalog=30812&pvo=OTOR111&pvokc=65&pvoch=8113 (19 February 2019).
[18] Wilhelm Winkler: Statistical Handbook of the Entire German People. Berlin 1930, p. 31.
[19] See, for example, Placek 2001, note 8, p. 144.
[20] See the URL: www.czso.cz/csu/xt/vysledky_sldb_2001_podle_spravnich_obvodu_a_mest_moravskoslezskeho_kraje (19 February 2019).
[21] See the URL: vdb.czso.cz/vdbvo2/faces/cs/index.jsf?page=vystup-objekt-parametry&z=T&f=TABULKA&katalog=30812&pvo=OTOR111&pvoch=8109&sp=A&pvokc=65&str=v125 (19 February 2019).
[22] Helena Kubátová: Úvod [Introduction]. In: Helena Kubátová et al.: Intergenerational Changes in Lifestyles in the Hlučín Region. Prague 2015, pp. 12‒18, here p. 13.
[23] Quoted from: Charlotte Thilo: Population, Settlement and Economic Conditions in the Hultschin Region. Doctoral thesis. Breslau 1925, p. 93.
[24] Alois Adamus: The 15th Anniversary of the Union of the Moravian People in the Hultschin Region with the Nation [The 15th Anniversary of the Union of the Moravian Population in the Hultschin Region with the [Czechoslovak, KWM] Nation]. In: Černá Země XI (5–6) dated 1 February 1935, pp. 65–67, here p. 66.
[25] Zbyněk Holub: The Current State of Dialects in Northern Hlučín Region: A Model, a Challenge or a Relic? A Contribution to the Discussion on the Development of Dialects [The current state of the dialect in the northern Hlučín region. A contribution to dialect development]. In: Světla Čmejrková/Jana Hofmannová/Jana Klímová (eds.): Čeština v pohledu synchronním a diachronním [Czech from a synchronic and diachronic perspective]. Prague 2012, pp. 345‒350, here: 345.
[26] See also Michael Fraenkel: Max Ring. A Portrait of an Upper Silesian Poet. Opole 1930.
[27] Bernhard Gröschel: Studies and Materials on Upper Silesian Political Journalism of the 19th and 20th Centuries. Berlin 1993, pp. 169‒179.
[28] Anežka Fojtíková: The People of Hlučín in the Wehrmacht – A Conflictual Narrative in Czech Remembrance Culture [The People of Hlučín in the Wehrmacht: A Conflict-Laden Narrative within Czech Remembrance Culture]. Prague 2018 (Diplom thesis), pp. 32ff.
[29] Particular mention should be made here of the numerous publications by Jan Vyhlídal (1861‒1937).
[30] Ondřej Jaroš: Dual Citizenship in the Hultschin Region. Unpublished bachelor’s thesis. University of Ostrava, German Studies chair. Ostrava 2020, pp. 36ff.
Citation
Kai Witzlack-Makarevich: Hultschiner Ländchen. In: Online Encyclopaedia on the Culture and History of Germans in Eastern Europe, 2021. URL: ome-lexikon.uni-oldenburg.de/53848.html (as at 24 June 2021).
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